Summary of 8.4

Concept 8.4 - Photosynthesis has a global impact.

Key Terms:

carbon cycle- process by which carbon moves from inorganic to organic compounds and back

greenhouse effect- process by which atmospheric gases trap heat close to Earth's surface and prevent it from escaping into space

Summary:

* after the process of photosynthesis, the product will be inorganic carbon dioxide to organic compounds
* photosynthetic organisms make about 160 billion metric tons of organic material per year which is about equal to 80 trillion copies of this book
* key element for carbon cycle - carbon dioxide
* plants use carbon dioxide to make sugars during the photosynthesis
* if there don't have enough carbon dioxide, the earth will be a lot warmer

Concept Check:

1. Give an example of carbon moving from an inorganic compound to an organic compound in the carbon cycle. Give an example of carbon moving from an organic to an inorganic compound.Grass are carbon moving from an inorganic compound to an organic compound and buffaloes are cabon moving from an organic to an inorganic compound.

2. How is carbon dioxide important to Earth's climate?
If there have not enough carbon dioxide to Earth's climate, the temperature will go higher by the sun's heat which won't bounce back to the space really often.

Summary of 8.3

Concept 8.3 - The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide.

Key Terms:
(None)

Summary:
Calvin cycle
* sugar factory in chroloplast
* have similar process with Kereb's cycle in the cellular respiration
* starting material that gets regenerated is a compound called RuBP, a sugar with five carbons.
* inputs: carbon dioxide from the air and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions
* outputs: energy-rich sugar molecule
Photosynthesis
* overal equestion: 6CO2 + 6H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6O2
* light reaction in thylakoid membranes change those energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH (water -- release the product oxygen)
* change carbon dioxide into sugars during the Calvin cycle by using ATP and NADPH

Concept Check:
1. What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
inputs: carbon dioxide from the air and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions; outputs: energy-rich sugar molecule

2. Which stage of photosynthesis uses each reactant from the overall photosynthesis equation? Which stage generates each product from the overall photosynthesis equation?
the light energy process, and the calvin cycle

3. Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle?
because its' process is similar to the Kereb's cycle which accurs in the cellular respiration which the stages generates and work differently

4. What molecule is the direct product of photosynthesis? How is that molecule then used by plant cells?
C6H12O6 + 6O2, to use them as food, also store them and use them when they need to use their energy for certain times

summary of 8.2

Concept 8.2 - The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy.





Key Terms:

wavelength- between adjacent waves

electromagnetic spectrum- range of types of electromagnetic energy from gamma waves to radio waves

pigment- chemical compound that determines a substance's color

paper chromatography- laboratory technique used to observe the different pigments in a material

photosystem- cluster of chlorophyll and other molecules in a thylakoid



Summary:

* we can know the wavelength by the electromagnetic spectrum

- in this chart, we can also know the visible lights in the graph

* when the light shine at the pigment, it can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. (leaves bounce back (reflect) those lights so they look green)

* thylakoid membrane absorb light energy and one of the pigment gains electron energy

*The light reactions convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.

Concept Check:

1. Explain why a leaf appears green.


They reflect the outside their organelles so they appears green.




2. Describe what happens when a molecule of chlorophyll a absorbs light.
One of the pigments change it into electron energys




3. Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced by the light reactions?
Chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.




4. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membrane

summary of 8.1

Concept 8.1 - Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food







Key Terms:



chloroplast- organelle found in some plant ceels and certain unicellular organisms where photosynthesis takes place



chlorophyll- pigment that gives a chloroplast its green color; uses light energy to split water molecules during photosynthesis



stroma- thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast



thylakoid- disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast; site of the light reactions of photosynthesis



light reaction- chemical reactions that convert the sun's energy to chemical energy; take place in the membranes of thylakoids in the chloroplast



Calvin cycle- cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH







Summary:

Chloroplast:

* photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast
* contain chemical compound called chlorophylls which make these in to green color.
* leaves contain most of the chloroplast in entire plant
* has an inner and outer membrane just like mitochondrion
* in the stoma, there have a lot of thylakoids which are all enclosed by a membrane

Photosynthesis:

* formula - 6CO2 + 6H2O →→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

- 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water →→→ Glucose + Oxygen
* During this process, choroloplast must require to have light energy and have light reactions so this process will be working
* light reaction comes from the light of the sun
* Calvin cycle makes sugars from the atoms in carbon dioxide plus the hydrogen ions and the high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.

Concept Check 8.1:



1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.







2. What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products?
Reactants: 6sCarbon Dioxide and 6 Water
Products: Glucose and 6 Oxygen





3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
Two main stages are the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. These two stages are related by the molecules they use which are NADPH and some ATP to produce molecules that they need.