Concept 8.4 - Photosynthesis has a global impact.
Key Terms:
carbon cycle- process by which carbon moves from inorganic to organic compounds and back
greenhouse effect- process by which atmospheric gases trap heat close to Earth's surface and prevent it from escaping into space
Summary:
* after the process of photosynthesis, the product will be inorganic carbon dioxide to organic compounds
* photosynthetic organisms make about 160 billion metric tons of organic material per year which is about equal to 80 trillion copies of this book
* key element for carbon cycle - carbon dioxide
* plants use carbon dioxide to make sugars during the photosynthesis
* if there don't have enough carbon dioxide, the earth will be a lot warmer
Concept Check:
1. Give an example of carbon moving from an inorganic compound to an organic compound in the carbon cycle. Give an example of carbon moving from an organic to an inorganic compound.Grass are carbon moving from an inorganic compound to an organic compound and buffaloes are cabon moving from an organic to an inorganic compound.
2. How is carbon dioxide important to Earth's climate?
If there have not enough carbon dioxide to Earth's climate, the temperature will go higher by the sun's heat which won't bounce back to the space really often.
Saturday, November 15, 2008
Wednesday, November 12, 2008
Summary of 8.3
Concept 8.3 - The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide.
Key Terms:
(None)
Summary:
Calvin cycle
* sugar factory in chroloplast
* have similar process with Kereb's cycle in the cellular respiration
* starting material that gets regenerated is a compound called RuBP, a sugar with five carbons.
* inputs: carbon dioxide from the air and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions
* outputs: energy-rich sugar molecule
Photosynthesis
* overal equestion: 6CO2 + 6H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6O2
* light reaction in thylakoid membranes change those energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH (water -- release the product oxygen)
* change carbon dioxide into sugars during the Calvin cycle by using ATP and NADPH
Concept Check:
1. What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
inputs: carbon dioxide from the air and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions; outputs: energy-rich sugar molecule
2. Which stage of photosynthesis uses each reactant from the overall photosynthesis equation? Which stage generates each product from the overall photosynthesis equation?
the light energy process, and the calvin cycle
3. Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle?
because its' process is similar to the Kereb's cycle which accurs in the cellular respiration which the stages generates and work differently
4. What molecule is the direct product of photosynthesis? How is that molecule then used by plant cells?
C6H12O6 + 6O2, to use them as food, also store them and use them when they need to use their energy for certain times
Key Terms:
(None)
Summary:
Calvin cycle
* sugar factory in chroloplast
* have similar process with Kereb's cycle in the cellular respiration
* starting material that gets regenerated is a compound called RuBP, a sugar with five carbons.
* inputs: carbon dioxide from the air and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions
* outputs: energy-rich sugar molecule
Photosynthesis
* overal equestion: 6CO2 + 6H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6O2
* light reaction in thylakoid membranes change those energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH (water -- release the product oxygen)
* change carbon dioxide into sugars during the Calvin cycle by using ATP and NADPH
Concept Check:
1. What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
inputs: carbon dioxide from the air and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions; outputs: energy-rich sugar molecule
2. Which stage of photosynthesis uses each reactant from the overall photosynthesis equation? Which stage generates each product from the overall photosynthesis equation?
the light energy process, and the calvin cycle
3. Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle?
because its' process is similar to the Kereb's cycle which accurs in the cellular respiration which the stages generates and work differently
4. What molecule is the direct product of photosynthesis? How is that molecule then used by plant cells?
C6H12O6 + 6O2, to use them as food, also store them and use them when they need to use their energy for certain times
Sunday, November 9, 2008
summary of 8.2
Concept 8.2 - The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy.
Key Terms:
wavelength- between adjacent waves
electromagnetic spectrum- range of types of electromagnetic energy from gamma waves to radio waves
pigment- chemical compound that determines a substance's color
paper chromatography- laboratory technique used to observe the different pigments in a material
photosystem- cluster of chlorophyll and other molecules in a thylakoid
Summary:
Concept Check:
1. Explain why a leaf appears green.
They reflect the outside their organelles so they appears green.
2. Describe what happens when a molecule of chlorophyll a absorbs light.
One of the pigments change it into electron energys
3. Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced by the light reactions?
Chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.
4. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membrane
Key Terms:
wavelength- between adjacent waves
electromagnetic spectrum- range of types of electromagnetic energy from gamma waves to radio waves
pigment- chemical compound that determines a substance's color
paper chromatography- laboratory technique used to observe the different pigments in a material
photosystem- cluster of chlorophyll and other molecules in a thylakoid
Summary:
* we can know the wavelength by the electromagnetic spectrum
- in this chart, we can also know the visible lights in the graph
* when the light shine at the pigment, it can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. (leaves bounce back (reflect) those lights so they look green)
* thylakoid membrane absorb light energy and one of the pigment gains electron energy
*The light reactions convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.
Concept Check:
1. Explain why a leaf appears green.
They reflect the outside their organelles so they appears green.
2. Describe what happens when a molecule of chlorophyll a absorbs light.
One of the pigments change it into electron energys
3. Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced by the light reactions?
Chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.
4. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membrane
Saturday, November 8, 2008
summary of 8.1
Concept 8.1 - Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food
Key Terms:
chloroplast- organelle found in some plant ceels and certain unicellular organisms where photosynthesis takes place
chlorophyll- pigment that gives a chloroplast its green color; uses light energy to split water molecules during photosynthesis
stroma- thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast
thylakoid- disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast; site of the light reactions of photosynthesis
light reaction- chemical reactions that convert the sun's energy to chemical energy; take place in the membranes of thylakoids in the chloroplast
Calvin cycle- cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH
Summary:
1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.
2. What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products?
Reactants: 6sCarbon Dioxide and 6 Water
Products: Glucose and 6 Oxygen
3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
Two main stages are the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. These two stages are related by the molecules they use which are NADPH and some ATP to produce molecules that they need.
Key Terms:
chloroplast- organelle found in some plant ceels and certain unicellular organisms where photosynthesis takes place
chlorophyll- pigment that gives a chloroplast its green color; uses light energy to split water molecules during photosynthesis
stroma- thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast
thylakoid- disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast; site of the light reactions of photosynthesis
light reaction- chemical reactions that convert the sun's energy to chemical energy; take place in the membranes of thylakoids in the chloroplast
Calvin cycle- cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH
Summary:
Chloroplast:
* photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast
* contain chemical compound called chlorophylls which make these in to green color.
* leaves contain most of the chloroplast in entire plant
* has an inner and outer membrane just like mitochondrion
* in the stoma, there have a lot of thylakoids which are all enclosed by a membrane
Photosynthesis:
* formula - 6CO2 + 6H2O →→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
- 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water →→→ Glucose + Oxygen
* During this process, choroloplast must require to have light energy and have light reactions so this process will be working
* light reaction comes from the light of the sun
* Calvin cycle makes sugars from the atoms in carbon dioxide plus the hydrogen ions and the high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.
1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.
2. What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products?
Reactants: 6sCarbon Dioxide and 6 Water
Products: Glucose and 6 Oxygen
3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
Two main stages are the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. These two stages are related by the molecules they use which are NADPH and some ATP to produce molecules that they need.
Wednesday, October 8, 2008
Oct 7th, 20008 Homework
organelle - each part of a cell with a specific job to do (meaning "mini-organ")
plasma membrane - both kinds of cells have a thin outer covering
nucleus - houses the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA
cytoplasm - the entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
cell wall - protects the plant cell and maintains its shape
prokaryotic cell - lacks a nuclus and most other organelles
eukaryotic cell - has a nuclus surrounded by its own membrane, and has other internal organelles bounded by membranes
diffusion - the net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated
equilibrium - something in balance
selectively permeable membrane - allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether
plasma membrane - both kinds of cells have a thin outer covering
nucleus - houses the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA
cytoplasm - the entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
cell wall - protects the plant cell and maintains its shape
prokaryotic cell - lacks a nuclus and most other organelles
eukaryotic cell - has a nuclus surrounded by its own membrane, and has other internal organelles bounded by membranes
diffusion - the net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated
equilibrium - something in balance
selectively permeable membrane - allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether
Tuesday, September 9, 2008
Chapter 5 Review Assessment
Reviewing Concepts Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is not an organic molecule? answer: c.water
a. cellulose
b. sucrose
c. water
d. testosterone
2. Which of the following terms includes all the other terms on this list? answer: b.carbohydrate
a. polysaccharide
b. carbohydrate
c. monosaccharide
d. glycogen
3. Which term is most appropriate to describe a molecule that dissolves easily in water? answer: c. hydrophilic
a. hydrocarbon
b. hydrophobic
c. hydrophilic
d. organic
4. Cholesterol is an example of what kind of molecule? answer: b. lipid
a. protein
b. lipid
c. amino acid
d. carbohydrate
5. The 20 amino acids vary only in their answer: c. amino groups
a. carboxyl groups.
b. side groups.
c. amino groups.
d. lipid groups.
6. A specific reactant an enzyme acts upon is called the answer: d. substrate
a. catalyst.
b. sucrose.
c. active site.
d. substrate.
7. An enzyme does which of the following? answer: b. lowers the activation energy of a reaction
a. adds heat to a reaction, speeding it up
b. lowers the activation energy of a reaction
c. cools a reaction, slowing it down
d. raises the activation energy of a reaction
Short Answer
8. Besides satisfying your hunger, why else might you consume a big bowl of pasta the night before a race?
Not enough having carbons in body or proteins and fats that you need for each day.
9. How are glucose, sucrose, and starch related?
They are all in polysaccharides and they have different functions.
10. What are steroids? Describe two functions they have in cells.
Steroids are lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings. They work at both male's and female's sex hormone, and testosterone.
11. How are polypeptides related to proteins?
Because each links in the proteins are made out of several polypeptides formed together.
12. How does denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function?
Denaturation unfavorable changes in temperature, pH, or some other quality of the enviornment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape.
Applying Concepts Analyzing Information
14. Analyzing Diagrams The reaction below shows two amino acids joining together.
a. One product of this reaction is represented by a question mark. Which molecule is it?
b. What is this kind of reaction called? Explain.
c. If an amino acid were added to this chain, at what two places could it attach?
15. Analyzing Graphs Use the graph to answer the questions below.
a. At which temperature does enzyme A perform best? Enzyme B?
b. Knowing that one of these enzymes is found in humans and the other in thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria, hypothesize which enzyme came from which organism.
c. Propose a hypothesis that explains why the rate of the reaction catalyzed by enzyme A slows down at temperatures above 40°C.
Saturday, September 6, 2008
Summary of 5.5
CONCEPT 5.5: Enzymes are proteins that speed up specific reactions in cells.
Key Terms:
activation energy -- minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction
catalyst -- compounds that speed up chemical reactions
enzyme -- the main catalysts of chemical reactions in organisms are specialized proteins
substrate -- a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
active site -- the substrate of its into a particular region of the enzyme
Summary:
Enzymes and Activation Energy
* to start a chemical reaction
- need to weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules first
--requires molecules absorb energy
--- "start-up" energy for chemical reaction - activation energy
* heat up the mixture of molecules - providing activation energy
- hotter molecules may collide with enough energy to weaken bonds
- cooler molecules collide with less energy
* heating up a cell would cause many unnecessary reactions to occur at once
- cellular reactions depend of the assistance of catalysts
-- main catalysts of chemical reactions in organisms are enzymes
* enzymes doesn't supply activation energy to the reacting molecules
- lowers the energy requirement barrier so that the reaction can proceed at normal cell temperatures
* figure 5-15: enzyme lowers the wall so that frogs have enough energy to reach the other side.
Concept:
1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does an enzyme affect activation energy?
Activation energy is a "start-up" energy for starting a chemical reaction. Enzymes affect on activation energy when a cell got heat up and cause many unnecessary reactions to occur at once, including reactions that destroy the cell's delicate structures.
2. Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.
The fit between substrate and enzyme is not rigid. When the substrate enter the enzyme, active site changes shape sligthly which makes fitting substrate more fitly.
Key Terms:
activation energy -- minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction
catalyst -- compounds that speed up chemical reactions
enzyme -- the main catalysts of chemical reactions in organisms are specialized proteins
substrate -- a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
active site -- the substrate of its into a particular region of the enzyme
Summary:
Enzymes and Activation Energy
* to start a chemical reaction
- need to weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules first
--requires molecules absorb energy
--- "start-up" energy for chemical reaction - activation energy
* heat up the mixture of molecules - providing activation energy
- hotter molecules may collide with enough energy to weaken bonds
- cooler molecules collide with less energy
* heating up a cell would cause many unnecessary reactions to occur at once
- cellular reactions depend of the assistance of catalysts
-- main catalysts of chemical reactions in organisms are enzymes
* enzymes doesn't supply activation energy to the reacting molecules
- lowers the energy requirement barrier so that the reaction can proceed at normal cell temperatures
* figure 5-15: enzyme lowers the wall so that frogs have enough energy to reach the other side.
Concept:
1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does an enzyme affect activation energy?
Activation energy is a "start-up" energy for starting a chemical reaction. Enzymes affect on activation energy when a cell got heat up and cause many unnecessary reactions to occur at once, including reactions that destroy the cell's delicate structures.
2. Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.
The fit between substrate and enzyme is not rigid. When the substrate enter the enzyme, active site changes shape sligthly which makes fitting substrate more fitly.
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